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Neutrality


Information contained in the financial statements must be free from bias. It should reflect a balanced view of the affairs of the company without attempting to present them in a favored light. Information may be deliberately biased or systematically biased.



Deliberate bias



Deliberate bias occurs where circumstances and conditions cause management to intentionally misstate the financial statements.





Examples

◾Managers of a company are provided bonus on the basis of reported profit. This might tempt management to adopt accounting policies that result in higher profits rather than those that better reflect the company's performance inline with GAAP.

◾A company is facing serious liquidity problems. Management may decide to window dress the financial statements in a manner that improves the company's current ratios in order to hide the gravity of the situation.

◾A company is facing litigation. Although reasonable estimate of the amount of possible settlement could be made, management decides to discloses its inability to measure the potential liability with sufficient reliability.







Systematic bias



Systematic bias occurs where accounting systems have developed an inherent tendency of favoring one outcome over the other over time.





Example



Accounting policies within an organization may be overly prudent because of cultural influence of an over cautious leadership.

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